Comparison between the effects of globalization on the USA and Saudi Essay - 2

Correlation between the impacts of globalization on the USA and Saudi Arabia financial aspects - Essay Example Nations, which recently relied upon their own assets for the creation of products and ventures, are presently ready to look over one further choice. They can buy less expensive materials required for creation. Employing less expensive or all the more exceptionally gifted work that is accessible in an alternate nation is presently a possible choice. Indeed, even essentially purchasing completed items from various nations is conceivable because of globalization. While on a superficial level, this progression appears to help just the nation that can profit these products and enterprises, this isn't the situation. The facts demonstrate that the nation bringing in the merchandise can exploit the lower costs of crude material, administrations, and items in different nations. This nation is frequently a created nation. Then again, the nation it imports these less expensive merchandise and enterprises from are normally creating. This progression helps the sending out nation also. This is on the grounds that these nations have overabundance of these products and enterprises. For instance, many creating nations will have an overabundance of incompetent works, and insufficient business open doors for them. This would bring about joblessness, yet additionally an economy in downturn. To have the option to utilize this abundance work to satisfy the requirement for modest work in different nations is a significant advantage to the creating nation (Stallings, 2001). The advancement that goes with globalization can likewise bring about a few issues for the nation, which need increasingly prompt consideration. For example, the high development that progression in exchange will cause will bring about that country’s carbon dioxide outflow expanding unavoidably. The discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a case of how this high development on the planet economy would be impeding to the common habitat. Issues like an unnatural weather change and contamination would just be exasperated because of this impact of globalization, and appears to diminish the significance of worrying on a high development methodology. Another issue

Colonialist Criticism by Chinua Achebe Essay

Synopsis The article ‘Colonialist Criticism’ is an assault on a waiting imperialism in the analysis of African writing by non-Africans. The African author composes the content or ‘they produce writing, their writing goes to Europeans for investigation. Each African writing needs to get thought the networks of European scholars. They need to meet the standards said by the European author, African essayist composed the content for the African individuals however European individuals investigated it. It implies they are the jury’s seat, or they judge the content. [One question raised that How would they judge] while judging, they generally keep on the idea that is older sibling awareness. They generally make the pairs. These pairs resemble white and dark or the European or African. They believe that Europeans are prevalent and older siblings, while Africans are second rate and little siblings. Europeans are educator and Africans are students. Along these lines, Europeans are at the middle and Africans are at the edge. Thusly Africans need to take in a lot more things from the Europeans. They will in general feel that weight of instructing to the Africans. Accordingly, Europeans feel that they find out about African writing, craftsmanship and culture than African themselves. Achebe sees the deficiencies of colonialist analysis in the supposition that the African author is â€Å"Somewhat incomplete European and that by one way or another untouchables can realize Africa superior to the local essayists. Achebe contradicts, the European pioneer partiality, propensity for administering and separating other and contrasting African individuals their writing, craftsmanship and culture and so on. He contends that African writing ought not be decided with the standard writing since it has its own disposition and idiosyncrasy. The veil of European human advancement doesn't have a clue about the historical backdrop of African individuals. So Achebe’s guarantee is that blacks (colonized) ought to compose their own history ignoring what has been now universalized. He contends that â€Å"If the content is decided from European point of view a book doesn’t get right assessment and the embodiment of the content is killed.† Assaults on Universalism The term ‘Universalism’ is restrictive, it incorporates the entire world. The term Universalism alludes to European parochialism, European authors constantly stressed all inclusiveness in the composition. They accept that the author needs to cover all the issues by and large or the essayist needs to represent all. They judge African content structure this point; they contended that the African content isn't general since it doesn't talk about widespread issue. It talks just African voice, along these lines their content is invalid. They can't expound overall universe. The two issues with Universalism, as per Achebe are, first that the assumed all inclusiveness that pundits find, is only an equivalent word for the â€Å"narrow self-serving parochialism of Europe† and second, that each writing must â€Å"speak of a specific spot; develop out of the necessities of its history, past and current and theâ aspirations and fate of its people.† It implies that each content comes out of explicit time space and the individuals. In this manner, each content is identified with space-explicit and human explicit. African individuals have understanding about prejudice. Accordingly, they can expound on prejudice purposely. African may have committed numerous errors, however they didn’t acquire bigotry the world. In this way, they would, expound on it, which is African-explicit circumstance which is invaded in African. Achebe continued that â€Å"the term universalism must be vanished.† Assaults on Language African authors writing in English don’t imply that they are following European model. Language isn't the property or ownership of any gathering nation or mainland. Language is regular property just as de-ethicized. English language isn't the property of British or American. It doesn’t have a place with anybody. African authors are writing in English to make themselves understood. In the event that they write in African language no one will come to think about them. They have the issue of correspondence. African authors writing in English needed to win the consideration of the world. Language is the basic legacy for all the individuals. Towards the finish of the paper he censures the local authors. All the time European essayists can't be pummeled woeful. He says the even local authors have not effectively elevate the state of African writing. They are not answerable for their own kin. He encapsulates theâ idea and says that just through the genuineness or â€Å"Eager-enough† is generally essential to elevate the state of African writing. At exactly that point African writing will get the esteemed status else they will be commanded. For the mastery of Europeans Achebe calls ‘seduction’. The local artists and pundits are similarly answerable for this enticement since they never endeavor to break this blockade of this European group rather they appreciate to be in limb of it.

Online Essay Topics - What Is Online E-Commerce Essay Topics?

Online Essay Topics - What Is Online E-Commerce Essay Topics?If you are in the process of writing an essay for your college admission, choosing among the many online essays on topics that are out there is a very difficult task. First of all, you need to consider what topic you are going to write. Is it about history or literature? Business or social sciences? Writing a Business Essay is very easy if you pick topics that are related to business.If you are unable to pick a topic that is related to business, the next step is to choose the business essay topics that are not related to business at all. For example, if you have a business degree, but you never sold anything, then you can write an essay about anything related to entrepreneurship and your experiences in your career. There are many different categories of essay topics such as communication skills, leadership skills, management skills, and interpersonal skills. All these essay topics could be found in a very short period of ti me.You need to make sure that you choose e-commerce essay topics that are well written. This means that the essay should be well-organized and in chronological order. The essay needs to be organized because students should be able to find all the material at one place. If you do not have enough time, you can put the topics on the top of your home screen.Essays for the colleges usually require that you use both a word processor and a text editor. Word is better because you can type your essay by hand instead of having to scan it in through a web browser. You can also find software that will automatically turn your sentences into text. Sometimes, you can even get the computer to spell check the sentences for you.Another thing that you must remember when you are writing e-commerce essay topics is to write about a topic that has some relevance to the topic of your final grade. If your degree is in Business, the topic of your essay could be something like 'Why entrepreneurship is good fo r the economy.' If you are writing an essay on leadership, you may write about 'The importance of managing and teaching people.'It is important that you do not forget that e-commerce essay topics are supposed to apply to your college. The essay should be based on the knowledge that you have learned at school, on what you have learned at the university, and how you have changed as a person after all these years of learning.So, when you are trying to select e-commerce essay topics, think about how you can apply the topics that you are using at school and what you learned at the university. If you are fortunate enough to have a topic of your own, then you should write your own topic instead of just copy-pasting from someone else's topic.

Murder in the Bible Essay - 5989 Words

Murder in the Bible The act of murder is rampant in the Bible. In much of the Bible, especially the Old Testament, there are laws that command that people be killed for absurd reasons such as working on the Sabbath, being gay, cursing your parents, or not being a virgin on your wedding night. In addition to these crazy and immoral laws, there are plenty of examples of Gods irrationality by his direct killing of many people for reasons that defy any rational explanation such as killing children who make fun of bald people, and the killing of a man who tried to keep the ark of God from falling during transport. There are also countless examples of mass murders commanded by God, including the murder of women, infants,†¦show more content†¦(Leviticus 21:9 NAB) Death to Followers of Other Religions Whoever sacrifices to any god, except the Lord alone, shall be doomed. (Exodus 22:19 NAB) Kill Nonbelievers They entered into a covenant to seek the Lord, the God of their fathers, with all their heart and soul; and everyone who would not seek the Lord, the God of Israel, was to be put to death, whether small or great, whether man or woman. (2 Chronicles 15:12-13 NAB) Kill False Prophets If a man still prophesies, his parents, father and mother, shall say to him, You shall not live, because you have spoken a lie in the name of the Lord. When he prophesies, his parents, father and mother, shall thrust him through. (Zechariah 13:3 NAB) Kill the Entire Town if One Person Worships Another God Suppose you hear in one of the towns the LORD your God is giving you that some worthless rabble among you have led their fellow citizens astray by encouraging them to worship foreign gods. In such cases, you must examine the facts carefully. If you find it is true and can prove that such a detestable act has occurred among you, you must attack that town and completely destroy all its inhabitants, as well as all the livestock. Then you must pile all the plunder in the middle of the street and burn it. Put the entire town to the torch as a burnt offering to the LORD your God. That town must remain a ruin forever; it may neverShow MoreRelatedThe Bible and Death Penalty Essay example812 Words   |  4 PagesMethods The question that I am interested in for research is, â€Å"Does a person’s view of the Bible influence what they think about the death penalty for murderers.† I would like to see if a person’s view of the bible influence what they think of the death penalty. This is interesting to me because I am interested in the field of criminal justice and the death penalty is a huge topic to this day. There are many journals that talk about studies that were done on religion and views of the death penaltyRead MoreEssay on The Bible and Capital Punishment1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bible and Capital Punishment What Does Christianity Tell Us To Do In Case Of Extreme Crime?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital Punishment, commonly known as the death penalty, is one of the most controversial problems of our society today. There are many stands you can take with it: yes; no; maybe; only in this situation; only if this doesn’t happen. Even the Bible is undecided about what to do with people who commit such horrendous crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bible first mentions what to do in case of extreme crime inRead MoreEssay on Abortion is Murder667 Words   |  3 Pagesaborting it would be ending life therefore murdering. In the Bible there are many verses that would bring me to just that conclusion. In Exodus 20:13 the Bible states â€Å"You shall not murder†. It is one of the ten most sacred commandments God gave his people. Christians who believe abortion is ok would say that life starts at the point of birth not the point of conception. In order to defeat this argument we have to prove that the Bible says that life starts at the point of conception. GenesisRead MoreHuman Sacrifice vs. Ritual Murder in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson914 Words   |  4 Pagescommitment to tradition resembles ritual murder which is also known as human sacrifice . According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, human sacrifice is the offering of the life of a human being to a deity as a religious ritual ( Editorial Staff ). After doing a little more research on the topic, it was determined that in this century, human sacrifice closely resembles that of ritual murder. According to Jean La Fontaine of the London School Of Economics, Murder is, by contrast, immoral and illegal;Read MoreAbortion BWVW Assignment1004 Words   |  5 PagesFebruary 20, 2013 Worldview Application Assignment Abortion Some critics believe that abortion is a woman’s choice; others believe that termination of a life even before it is born is still murder. I highly doubt that pro-choice advocates would support their stance if they too believed that abortion was murder, so how then can they justify their pro-choice affiliation? The true question to be asked is when does life actually begin? There would be no questions asked if someone could prove the pointRead MoreJewish, Christian, And Islamic Stance On Abortion969 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bible does not explicitly point out and say that one can not abort an unborn child, but it does implicitly state so. The Bible states that â€Å"thou shalt not murder†, which many christians relate â€Å"abortion† to â€Å"murder†. When the bible references women who are pregnant, it uses the term â€Å"with child† and not the term â€Å"with fetus† (ABORTION: Ten Bible Reasons Why It Is Wrong); since the bible refers to i t as a child, which is a living human being, abortion of a child would be considered murder. AdditionallyRead MoreAbortion And The United States1704 Words   |  7 PagesSince 1973, abortion has been considered â€Å"legal† in the United States. But, just because abortion is legal, does that automatically justify it as moral? The Bible never clearly states â€Å"though shall not abort your children.† On the other hand, Exodus 20:13, states â€Å"though shall not murder.† Not only does Exodus speak of prohibiting murder, Genesis 9:3, states that â€Å"whoever sheds man’s blood, by man his blood shall be shed, for in the image of God He made man.† According to AbortionFacts.com, abortionRead MoreCapital Punishment1018 Words   |  5 Pageswish for the death penalty to be abolished. My personal opinion on the death penalty is that it should be administered only in cases of certain crimes such as: serial murder, serial rape, and terrorism. Groups that support the death penalty often say that it deters criminals from committing future crimes like murders or other heinous crimes. On the contrary, many criminals do not think of the consequences of their actions when they are committing a crime, nor do they care what happensRead MoreSuicide and Religious Beliefs719 Words   |  3 Pagesto many is â€Å"You shall not murder.† (Exodus 20:13) Since suicide is essentially self-murder it is also banned by this commandment. According to the Bible murder or suicide is forbidden because human beings are made in the image of God: â€Å"Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed, for God made man in his own image.† (Genesis 9:6) Suicide is not directly addressed in scripture and there is no clear disapproval of the few acts that are addressed in the Bible. Samson commits suicideRead MoreCapital Punish Relating to The Old Testament Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pages Why do some christians agree with the capital punishment? Some Christians feel that the Bible has spoken to the conflict, but many believe that the New Testament replaces the Old Testament law. Skimming through the Old Testament you can find many cases in which God orders the use of capital punishment, with the acts of God Himself. God was somehow involved directly or maybe indirectly, in the taking of life as a punishment for Israel or whomever threatened or harm the city of Israel. In Genesis

Fraud Orchestrated By Three Senior Executives Of Fair...

SUMMARY OF KEY FACTS. This case involved a fraud orchestrated by three senior executives of Fair Finance Company (Fair) which had its headquarters at Akron Ohio. This fraud occurred from at least 2005 through November 2009 the defendants involved were the three senior executives –Timothy S. Durham, Chief Executive Officer, James F. Cochran, Chairman, and Rick D. Snow, Chief Financial Officer. These executives defrauded their investors by raising approximately $230 million from at least 5,200 investors through the sale of investment certificates by making materially false and misleading misrepresentations and omissions concerning, among other and returns, and the use of investor proceeds to purchase discounted consumer receivables. (SEC litigation release 2012) In 2002, two of the defendants Durham and Cochran acquired Fair finance company a successful finance company that earned profits by using proceeds from investors to purchase discounted consumer receivables. After the acquisition of Fair by the defendants, they changed the business model by using a steadily increased amount of investor’s proceeds to finance the unprofitable and failing business controlled by the Durham and Cochran under the disguise of loans –related party transaction or advances, to make interest payment to investors for the benefits of themselves, their families and friends. (SEC litigation release 2012) Fair Holdings’ accountants soon began questioning its financial statements, raising numerousShow MoreRelatedAccounting Fraud at Worldcom8726 Words   |  35 PagesKIRON Accounting Fraud at WorldCom WorldCom could not have failed as a result of the actions of a limited number of individuals. 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Section three explores the measures taken by governments to prevent a reoccurrence of a financial crisis Section four discusses FDI and mergers and acquisitions. 2.2 Financial Crisis/Global Economic Recession As defined by Eichengreen and Portes (1987) a financialRead MoreConsumer Behavior Towards Online Shopping18477 Words   |  74 Pagesgroups to analyse their behaviour towards online shopping amp; future of e-shopping in the city amp; India. At present e-commerce is an emerging market segment which is growing rapidly. Our main focus here is on e-shopping as many multinational companies are entering this market segment rapidly in past few years. Since online retailing is a new retailing medium and online consumer behavior is diverse from traditional consumer behavior, we aim to identify what influences the online consumer, i.eRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesMISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. 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Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk ---------------------------------This edition published 2011  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 The rights of Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes to be identifiedRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesExecutive Summary On December 3, 1984, toxic poisonous methyl isocyanate gas leaked from Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL s) pesticide plant in Bhopal. The gas leak triggered a disaster that is now widely recognized as the world worst industrial catastrophe. Thousands of people were killed instantly and more than 25,000 people have died of gas-related illnesses, several thousands more maimed for life since. 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(â€Å"McGraw-Hill†) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompileRead MoreRetail Management30153 Words   |  121 Pagesgrowth of unorganized retail sector is pegged at 6 percent.[4] The Retail Business in India is currently at the point of inflection. Rapid change with investments to the tune of US $ 25 billion is being planned by several Indian and multinational companies in the next 5 years. It is a huge industry in terms of size and according to management consulting firm Technopak Advisors Pvt. Ltd., it is valued at about US $ 350 billion. Organized retail is expected to garner about 16-18 percent of the total

Relationship Between Foreign Countries Through Monetary Integration

Question: Discuss about the Analyze A Relationship Between Foreign Countries Through Monetary Integration. Answer: Introduction: At present, economic integration is a common term, which represents an arrangement between various countries to reduce the trade barriers within them and to coordinate fiscal and monetary policies. The chief goal of this integration is to reduce costs associated with consumers and producers by increasing international trade within those countries, who have involved them within this economical agreement (Martin Ross, 2004). Economic integration, by providing less trade barriers, has helped its member countries to enhance relationship, economically and politically. This report intends to analyze a relationship between foreign countries through monetary integration. In this context, the report is going to describe the European monetary integration through the Maastricht Treaty and some others related to the same context. Advantage and disadvantage: Monetary integration has some economical advantages and disadvantages corresponding to its international activities, for instance, trade benefits and cooperation between employment and political activities. Through this process, countries get opportunities to trade with each other with lower a cost, which in turn has helped those countries to enjoy comparative advantage and to enhance purchasing power (Antrs Costinot, 2010). Trade liberalization has further helped countries to enhance employment opportunities through market expansion, foreign investment and other technological improvements. As a consequent, the political relation between those countries have also increased due to this positive implications of integration on all countrys economy. Instead of those advantages, this economic integration has also some negative impacts on as well. Those implications can be come in the form of trade deviation and reduction of sovereignty among countries as this integration is needs to follow some policies and trade rules at international level, which is implemented by an external policy implementing body. Measurement of integration: As economic integration has some positive implications on a country, it is essential to measure the degree of this integration across regions or countries, which have operated under these circumstances. Hence, to measure this integration, some methodologies can be adopted, based on various economical indicators that incorporate trade of products and services, migration of workers and international cash flows and so on. According to this assessment, the European Union (EU) and the United States (U.S) have possessed the worlds largest investment and bilateral trade relationship through economic integration. European Monetary System (EMS): The European Monetary System (EMS) was constructed in 1979 to stabilize inflation and to control exchange rate fluctuations among European countries after collapsing of the Bretton Woods Agreements in 1972 (Bayoumi Eichegreen, 1993). Hence, the European Central Bank (ECB) was formed in 1998 and consequently the euro was generated as a unified currency, which most of the EU countries had started to use. To link currencies among all countries under the European Economic Community (EEC) by a single one, the EMS had implemented a new policy to formulate the European Currency Unit (ECU) along with stabilization foreign exchange rate. Due to different political and economical conditions of the member countries of the EMS, for instance, Germanys reunification, it had faced crisis in the initial phase of 90s, which in turn influenced Britain to withdraw its membership from the EMS (Bhagwati, 2004). However, the mechanism to form a common currency by creating large economic alliances had continued, which in turn had helped most of the countries of EEC to sign in the Maastricht Treaty for establishing the European Union (EU). The Maastricht Treaty: The member countries of the EU had undertaken that treaty in 1992 for integrating Europe, in Maastricht of Netherlands. The treaty had come into action in 1993 at the Delors Commission, where it had made the structure of the EU through three pillars for making the Euro as the single European currency. The first pillar was based on community integration method, the second one stated about the intergovernmental cooperation method and the last one was based on intergovernmental cooperation method (Torres Giavazzi, 1993). However, those pillars were abolished in 2009 when the Treaty of Lisbon was formed. This treaty had played a significant role for creating the euro and at the same time, it had imposed some obligations to its member countries to follow, for instance, the member countries required to maintain a good fiscal policy by maintaining debt within 60% of GDP and also to maintain annual deficit below 35 of GDP (Weber, 1995). This treaty has set some criteria for its EU members to enter into the third stage of the European EMU by adopting the Euro as the common currency (Johnston Regan, 2016). Through four criteria, the Maastricht Treaty has tried to control excessive inflation, public deficit and public debt along with stability in exchange rate and the interest rates convergence. It can be seen from the above figure that the GDP of all member countries of the EU has experienced an increasing trend of gross domestic product (GDP), which in turn has implied that the monetary integration has affected those countries positively by increasing trade facilities. It can also be seen that the EU has experienced trend of import of goods and services after this integration as it has reduced the cost of international trade through reducing tariff of the international trade. Treaty of Lisbon: This international treaty has compensated two treaties, which have formed the constitutional base of the EU. This treaty was signed in 2007 while it had taken action in 2009. The two treaties, which were amended by this treaty of Lisbon, are the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of the European Union (Cooper, 2012). However, this treaty has opened up many questions related to the functions of the EU and this further has opened up a new way for creating another treaty. Conclusion: It essential to understand the role of economic integration or in other words, the impact of monetary integration, as it can help countries to enhance its economic activities through international trade and co-operation with each other for maintain a good relation related to economic and political situations. Trough introducing the unique currency, the euro, it has become useful for the member countries to operate with each other uninterruptedly through stabilizing exchange rate and controlling inflation. References: Antrs, P., Costinot, A. (2010). Intermediation and economic integration.American Economic Review,100(2), 424-28. Bayoumi, T., Eichegreen, B. (1993). Shocking Aspects of European Monetary Unification. Cambridge: Cambridge University press Bhagwati, J. (2004).In defense of globalization: With a new afterword. Oxford University Press. Cooper, I. (2012). A virtual third chamberfor the European Union? National parliaments after the treaty of Lisbon.West European Politics,35(3), 441-465. European Union Imports | 1999-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2018).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://tradingeconomics.com/european-union/imports GDP (current US$) | Data. (2018).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2016locations=EUstart=1992 Johnston, A., Regan, A. (2016). European monetary integration and the incompatibility of national varieties of capitalism.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,54(2), 318-336. Martin, A., Ross, G. (Eds.). (2004).Euros and Europeans: monetary integration and the European model of society. Cambridge University Press. Torres, F., Giavazzi, F. (Eds.). (1993).Adjustment and growth in the European Monetary Union. Cambridge University Press. Weber, C. (1995).Simulating sovereignty: Intervention, the state and symbolic exchange(Vol. 37). Cambridge University Press.

Software Documentation

Introduction Software engineering is a concept that has received significant recognition as a result of the massive increase in technological advancement around the world. Many engineers engage in processes of designing software that is essential at both individual and corporate level. Some of these processes call for particular approaches in ensuring that the specifications of what is designed to meet the standards and needs of customers (Davis, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Software Documentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addressing this concern, it has been noted that the notion of software documentation should not be underestimated as it plays core roles in software engineering. This research paper analyses the concept of software documentation by focusing on the sub field of software requirements as applied in software design. Documentation Software documentation refers to a writt en text which usually accompanies most computer software after they have been designed. In essence, software documentation serves an informative role in explaining how particular software work or how to use in performing different tasks (Wiegers, 2003). As result, software documentation differentiates the functionality of given software depending on the roles being performed by an individual. When talking about software documentation, one has to consider a number of things. In other words, there are basic things which define documentation or, which have to be present for it to serve its rightful purpose effectively. For instance, documentation contains software features, which are core in understanding how the software operates. What are features? A feature is simply a service normally provided by a given system with an aim of satisfying the needs of stakeholders, which could be one or more (Hartman, Proeme Matthes, 1968). In other words, the intended use of the software is usually linked to the specific features of software to be designed. In understanding software documentation, it has been argued that there are several software requirements that are equally important and need to be considered in ensuring efficiency. What is a requirement? From a general perspective, a requirement refers to something, which is crucial and essential for the existence or occurrence of another. In our daily lives, it is sometimes hard or impossible to write down what people have been saying or describe how far a particular process has come.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Are features and requirements similar? The two are distinctively different although many people confuse them. Within the context of software documentation, a feature is represented graphically with an abstract use case. This differs from software requirement as it is represented graphically with a concrete use case. Use cases simply refer to the description of certain steps or actions between a user, also known as actor and a software system, which leads the user towards realizing something useful being searched. Whatever that is found is also referred to as a restaurant (Satzinger, Jackson Burd, 2008). The most significant point about use cases is that they help in determining features to be implemented and how certain errors can be improved. Due to the importance of software requirements, the process of determining them has to be effective in order to realize desired results. As such, determination of requirements is always under certain regulations and guidelines that are core in obtaining a given goal. The first rule is being sensitive to political and organizational considerations (Satzinger, Jackson Burd, 2008). This has been found to promote gaining of respect. In practical, it involves identifying and consulting all stakeholders in order to maintain the move ment of things in a positive and productive direction. Additionally, identifying domain constraints is important since system problems are never found at the end but in the beginning. Moreover, good results are obtained through various options. It is essential to collect requirements from various stances and perspective in order to realize good outcomes, which require appreciation. To achieve this demand and have it in practice, it is worth being open minded as it augments the overall well being of many things that are equally significant. To achieve this, requirements of the source have to be met for the entire process to be productive (Satzinger, Jackson Burd, 2008). In this case, one has to be clear and precise for the purpose to avoid confusion. In addition, understanding the feasibility of the system has to be observed. Certain questions have to be asked, and answers looked for in order to determine the likelihood of meeting the system target. One has to step aside and imagine the possibilities of the elicitation and the abstract analysis of the entire project. In using elicitation techniques to determine software requirements, it is necessary for one to include interviews and questionnaires in order to have a wider range of information from respondents. Many people prefer interviews and consider them better than questionnaires.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Software Documentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In adopting this method, it is paramount to think within the line of participation and involvement of other people in the design process. Workshop costs may be also factored in order to brainstorm and reconstruct ideas. Some of the practical approaches that could be important to include prototyping, casing, story boards and role playing (Wiegers, 2003). From the enumeration of these requirement guidelines, it is important to appreciate the changing mode and rate o f software engineering. Because of the rapid changes being experienced, most software are becoming complex and large, thus calling for an evolutionary approach (Clements, 2003). This means that software requirements are expected to change due to the ever-changing technology in the world. By the fact that software knowledge is obtained through development, changes in the needs of users and transformation of the environment are inevitable. Furthermore, software requirements ensure that there is verification and the testing process. Together with prototyping and meetings, there are also focus groups, observation, and other scenarios. Importantly, software documentation approaches combine user stories, use cases and specifications, which are different in nature. By prioritizing the value, this implies that the system can maximally make use of up to 80% of the requirements documented (Wiegers, 2003). On the other hand, brainstorming tends to refine idea reduction and idea generation whic h in turn help in identifying the requirements needed for completion. Moreover, being able to evaluate the problem and synthesize a workable solution is a major area to be determined. Besides these determination guidelines, specification involves a number of steps, which include but not limited to classifying requirements, conceptual modeling, prioritizing requirements, requirements allocation, negotiation and architectural design. However, in carrying out all these steps, it is important to have documentation in mind. Documentation is done both verbally and graphically (Davis, 1990). For verbal documentation, there is an immediate opportunity to get feedback and clarification. It, therefore, promotes clarification and gaining of important knowledge through meetings and organized workshops. Furthermore, verbal approach provides enough ideas about problems and strategies, which could be applied in dealing with the problem at hand.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, graphical documentation involves story boards and role playing, conceptual graphs and goal means network. Certain models like the use of model and domain model are the different ways of gathering important information and going through the elicitation process. The benefit of these designs is that they allow clarification and easy â€Å"checking off† throughout the process of design. Usage models allow the designer to clearly understand how users will interact with the system while meeting their demands (Davis, 1990). This is quite important in comprehending their needs and how to improve them in order to meet their needs in totality. Similarly, domain modeling usually involves business units and the existing relationship between them. In this regard, user Interface models integrate part of the software with which users directly interact with. The most important thing about this model is that it allows the designer to understand the entire domain of the expe ctations of stakeholders concerning the User Interface. As noted before, the exercise of collecting and gathering the requirements of a given system through its users and stakeholders is what constitutes to elicitation specification. This is sometimes referred to as requirements gathering. This process is wide enough and requires more steps in order to realize a thorough assessment process (Wiegers, 2003). For instance, workshops are held with certain individuals and stakeholders as a way of attributing outside thoughts and ideas. This concept is dealt with by software engineers who specialize in elicitation specification and validation. As such, people can only come together through a set of guidelines of requirement specifications. Some of these include but not limited to brainstorming, role-playing and general viewpoints from several people (Clements, 2003). Notably, a requirement of elicitation is usually specified as a list of core points, covering many aspects of the software and assist in the process of formulating, documentation and specification (Wiegers, 2003). The specification side includes the possibility of the system penetrating to far places and the development of its functions. A complete description of the system to be developed is normally contained in the activity in which the document is generated. During specification communication, there are specified subjects to be put into consideration. These include but not limited to external processes, performance requirements, functional requirements, software system attributes, and logical database requirements (Clements, 2003). Furthermore, defining the problems that have to be solved with the systems is always the leading goal behind every process. To realize high-quality solutions, it is important for one to have the ability to elicit, communicate and finally document. Additionally, the involvement of everybody in gathering of documents and in communicating software requirements to all partici pants is of immense significance during the entire project life cycle (Davis, 1990). For instance, there has to be the delegation of duties to allow efficiency and collection of relevant information within the shortest time. Some of the areas to be considered during delegation include market opportunities, problems and software challenges, software solution implementation, project analyst and an executive sponsor (Aurum Wohlin, 2005). For the case of the analyst, he or she must evaluate the overall flow and structure of the information to be sourced, refine functional problems, discover the bonds of the design and set the properties of the system. These tasks are important in discovering the problem before deciding on a global solution that offers a holistic response. Others who are equally important in the requirement process are IT experts, business users, technical leaders, requirements engineer and testing specialists. Every person has a role to play in requirement elicitation. The facilitator keeps all organized meetings going. He makes crucial announcements, controls conduct of participants, and establishes rules necessary for smooth flow of meetings (Hartman, Proeme Matthes, 1968). In case some of the people miss with critical requirements, critical software requirements get affected. Two approaches, therefore, have to be adopted. These are evolutionary approach and technical approach. Evolutionary approaches mainly deal with success, i.e. all critical users within the overall engineering process. On the other hand, the traditional approach is a dictator to the developer while users are allowed to work jointly with an aim of developing shared ideas (Hartman, Proeme Matthes, 1968). In analyzing the concept of software documentation, it is paramount to consider the numerous benefits of requirements elicitation, specification and its documentation. Requirement process is essential in determining success and quality of a system that is under development (Clements, 2003). During the stage of elicitation requirements, the needs of the clients are identified and are important in creating requirements that affect all the parties. Thorough description of system requirements is also important based on its functionality; it would show possible errors for the analyst to go back, and fix before the project is moved to the next step of development. Lastly, documentation of requirements allows all past stages to be brought together and presented to the client for further processes of advancing the project (Hartman, Proeme Matthes, 1968). It is therefore, worth noting that client requirements are essential in order to achieve goals in system development. They give a plan for software requirements to adopt and its specifications always encompass requirements from customers, users and stakeholders. References Aurum, A., Wohlin, C. (2005). Engineering and managing software requirements. New York City: Springer. Clements, P. (2003). Documenting software architectures: views and beyond. Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional. Davis, A. (1990). Software requirements: analysis and specification. Michigan: Prentice Hall. Hartman, W. Proeme, A., Matthes, H. (1968). Management information systems handbook: analysis, requirements determination, design and development, implementation and evaluation. New York City: Mcgraw-Hill. Satzinger, J., Jackson, R., Burd, S. (2008).Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World. Stamford, Connecticut, U.S: Cengage Learning. Wiegers, K. (2003). Software requirements: practical techniques for gathering and managing requirements throughout the product development cycle. New York City: Microsoft Press. This research paper on Software Documentation was written and submitted by user Nathalie Hawkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.